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導入

このページのカバーする範囲は、 FPC 3.0+ 以降の機能を用いた、 Lazarus での プログラム (コンソールやサーバなどの GUI 無し) および アプリケーション (LCL による GUI を用いた) におけるユニコードへの対応です。

ソリューションは、クロス・プラットフォームであり、 UTF-8 エンコーディングを用います。これは、 Delphi の UTF-16 とは異なっていますが、いくつかのルールを守ることで、ソースコードレベルでの Delphi とのコンパチビリティを確保できます。

ユニコードへのサポートは、 FPC 3.0+ でコンパイルされた Lazarus 1.6.0 以降より自動的に可能となっています。

RTL とデフォルトのコードページ UTF-8

RTL のデフォルトでは、システムのコードページを AnsiStrings (例えば FileExists や TStringList.LoadFromFile) で扱います。 Windows では、これはユニコードエンコーディングではないので、あなたは自身の言語グループから文字を用いることしかできません (ほとんどは 256 文字です)。 Linux と Mac OS X では、 UTF-8 は一般的なシステムのコードページですので、 RTL はデフォルトで CP_UTF8 を使用します。

バージョン 3.0 以降の FPC は、 RTL のデフォルトシステムコードページを別のものに変える API を提供します。 Lazarus (実際にはその LazUtils パッケージ) はその API を利用しそれを UTF-8 (CP_UTF8)に変えます。それは今では Windows ユーザーも UTF-8 文字列を RTL の中で使える事を意味します。

使い方

以下の簡単なルールがあります。:

一般的に、"String" 種別を UTF8String や UnicodeString の代わりに使う。
Assign a constant always to a type String variable.
Use type UnicodeString explicitly for API calls that need it.

These rules make most code already compatible with Delphi when using default project settings.

UTF-8 を非 LCL プログラムで使うには

非 LCL プロジェクトの依存物に LazUtils パッケージを追加してください。そして LazUTF8 ユニットをメインプログラムファイルの uses セクションに追加してください。それは出来るだけコードの最初に近い必要があります。それはちょうど重要なメモリマネージャとスレッディング要素(例えば、 cmem や heaptrc, cthreads)の後です。CRTユニットを使用する場合は、LazUTF8の前に指定しなければならない。そうしないと、コンソール出力が文字化けしてしまう。

Windows APIを呼ぶ

"W" バージョンのWindows　API関数が呼ばれるべきである。 Delphiは、API文字列へ/から、UnicodeString変数またはUnicodeString()の型キャストへのAPI呼び出しを代入しなければならないことを除外するようである。これはDelphiまたは以前のLazarusコードと互換性がない。実際にはシステムのコードページを扱いコードをカプセル化し、可能な限り迅速にデータをUTF-8へ変換しなければならない。

RawByteStringと明示的な変換の双方を用いること

  uses ... , LConvEncoding;
  ...
  var
    StrIn: RawByteString;
    StrOut: String;
  ...
  StrOut := CP1252ToUTF8(StrIn,true);  // 直されたコードページ
  // または
  StrOut := WinCPToUTF8(StrIn,true);  // この特定のコンピューターでシステムコードページを用いる

''' ... または今存在している正しいコードページをセットする ...'''
  var
    StrIn, StrOut: String;
  ...
    SetCodePage(RawByteString(StrIn), 1252, false);  // 1252で修正された (または、 Windows.GetACP())

注意: 文字列変数でテキストが存在しなければならない。空の文字列は実際にnilポインタであり、そのコードページを設定することはできない。

Windows.GetACP() Windows systemのコードページを返す.

Code that depends very much on Windows codepage

There is a "plan B" for code that depends very much on Windows system codepage, or must write to Windows console beyond the console codepage.
See: Lazarus with FPC3.0 without UTF-8 mode.
Fortunately it is not needed often. In most cases it is easier to convert data to UTF-8.

Writing to console

Windows console output works if your characters belong to the console codepage. For example a box-drawing characters '╩' in codepage CP437 is one byte #202 and is often used like this:

write('╩');

When you convert the code to UTF-8, for example by using Lazarus' source editor popup menu item File Settings / Encoding / UTF-8 and clicking on the dialog button "Change file on disk", the ╩ becomes 3 bytes (#226#149#169), so the literal becomes a string. The procedures write and writeln convert the UTF-8 string to the current console codepage. So your console program now outputs the '╩' on Windows with any codepage (i.e. not only CP437) and it even works on Linux and Mac OS X. You can also use the '╩' in LCL strings, for instance Memo1.Lines.Add('╩');

If your characters do not belong to the console codepage, things get trickier. Then you cannot use the new Unicode system at all.
See: Lazarus with FPC3.0 without UTF-8 mode#Problem System encoding and Console encoding .28Windows.29

Unicode characters and codepoints in code

See details for UTF-8 in UTF8_strings_and_characters.

CodePoint functions for encoding agnostic code

LazUtils package has unit LazUnicode with special functions for dealing with codepoints, regardless of encoding. They use the UTF8...() functions from LazUTF8 when used in the UTF-8 mode, and UTF16...() functions from LazUTF16 when used in FPC's {$ModeSwitch UnicodeStrings} or in Delphi (yes, Delphi is supported!).

Currently the {$ModeSwitch UnicodeStrings} can be tested by defining "UseUTF16". There is also a test program LazUnicodeTest in components/lazutils/test directory. It has 2 build modes, UTF8 and UTF16, for easy testing. The test program also supports Delphi, then the UTF-16 mode is used obviously.

LazUnicode allows one source code to work between :

Lazarus with its UTF-8 solution.
Future FPC and Lazarus with Delphi compatible UTF-16 solution.
Delphi, where String = UnicodeString.

It provides these encoding agnostic functions:

CodePointCopy() - Like UTF8Copy()
CodePointLength() - Like UTF8Length()
CodePointPos() - Like UTF8Pos()
CodePointSize() - Like UTF8CharacterLength()
UnicodeToWinCP() - Like UTF8ToWinCP()
WinCPToUnicode() - Like WinCPToUTF8()

It also provides an enumerator for CodePoints which the compiler uses for its for-in loop. As a result, regardless of encoding, this code works:

 var s, ch: String;
 ...
 for ch in s do
   writeln('ch=',ch);

Delphi does not provide similar functions for CodePoints for its UTF-16 solution. Practically most Delphi code treats UTF-16 as a fixed-width encoding which has lead to lots of broken UTF-16 code out there. It means using LazUnicode also for Delphi will improve code quality!

Both units LazUnicode and LazUTF16 are needed for Delphi usage.

文字列リテラル

Sources should be saved in UTF-8 encoding. Lazarus creates such files by default. You can change the encoding of imported files via right click in source editor / File Settings / Encoding.

Usually {$codepage utf8} / -FcUTF8 is not needed. This is rather counter-intuitive because the meaning of that flag is to treat string literals as UTF-8. However the new UTF-8 mode switches the encoding at run-time, yet constants are evaluated at compile-time.

So, without -FcUTF8 the compiler (wrongly) thinks the constant string is encoded with system code page. Then it sees a String variable with default encoding (which will be changed to UTF-8 at run-time but the compiler does not know it). Thus, same default encodings, no conversion needed, the compiler happily copies the characters and everything goes right, while actually it was fooled twice during the process.

Example:

As a rule of thumb, use "String" type and assigning literals works. Note: UTF-8 string can be composed from numbers, as done for s2.

const s1: string = 'äй';
const s2: string = #$C3#$A4; // ä

Assigning a string literal to other string types than plain "String" is more tricky. See the tables for what works and what doesn't.

Assign string literals to different string types

Here working means correct codepage and correct codepoints. Codepage 0 or codepage 65001 are both correct, they mean UTF-8.

Without {$codepage utf8} or compilerswitch -FcUTF8

String Type, UTF-8 Source	Example	Const (in Source)	Assigned to String	Assigned to UTF8String	Assigned to UnicodeString	Assigned to CP1252String	Assigned to RawByteString	Assigned to ShortString	Assigned to PChar
const	const s = 'äöü';	working	working	wrong	wrong	wrong	working	working	working
String	const s: String = 'äöü';	working	working	working	working	working	working	working	working
ShortString	const s: String[15] = 'äöü';	working	working	working	working	wrong encoded	working	working	not available
UTF8String	const s: UTF8String = 'äöü';	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong
UnicodeString	const s: UnicodeString = 'äöü';	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong
String with declared code page	type CP1252String = type AnsiString(1252);	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong
RawbyteString	const s: RawbyteString = 'äöü';	working	working	working	working	to codepage 0 changed	working	working	working
PChar	const c: PChar = 'äöü';	working	working	working	working	wrong	working	working	working

With {$codepage utf8} or compilerswitch -FcUTF8

String Type, UTF-8 Source	Example	Const (in Source)	Assigned to String	Assigned to UTF8String	Assigned to UnicodeString	Assigned to CP1252String	Assigned to RawByteString	Assigned to ShortString	Assigned to PChar
const	const s = 'äöü';	UTF-16 encoded	working	working	working	working	working	working	working
String	const s: String = 'äöü';	working	working	working	working	working	working	working	working
ShortString	const s: String[15] = 'äöü';	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	not available
UTF8String	const s: UTF8String = 'äöü';	working	working	working	working	working	working	working	working
UnicodeString	const s: UnicodeString = 'äöü';	working	working	working	working	working	working	working	wrong
String with declared code page	type CP1252String = type AnsiString(1252);	working	working	working	working	working	working	wrong	wrong
RawbyteString	const s: RawbyteString = 'äöü';	working	working	working	working	to codepage 0 changed	working	working	working
PChar	const c: PChar = 'äöü';	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong	wrong

Remember, assignment between variables of different string types always works thanks to their dynamic encoding in FPC 3+. The data is converted automatically when needed.
Only string literals are a challenge.

Coming from older Lazarus + LCL versions

Earlier (before 1.6.0) LCL supported Unicode with dedicated UTF8 functions. The code was not at all compatible with Delphi.

Now many old LCL applications continue to work without changes. However it makes sense to clean the code to make it simpler and more Delphi compatible. Code that reads/writes data with Windows system codepage encoding breaks and must be changed. (See #Reading / writing text file with Windows codepage).

Explicit conversion functions are only needed when calling Windows Ansi functions. Otherwise FPC takes care of converting encodings automatically. Empty conversion functions are provided to make your old code compile.

UTF8Decode, UTF8Encode - Almost all can be removed.
UTF8ToAnsi, AnsiToUTF8 - Almost all can be removed.
UTF8ToSys, SysToUTF8 - All can be removed. They are now dummy no-ops and only return their parameter.

File functions in RTL now take care of file name encoding. All (?) file name related ...UTF8() functions can be replaced with the Delphi compatible function without UTF8 suffix. For example FileExistsUTF8 can be replaced with FileExists.

Most UTF8...() string functions can be replaced with the Delphi compatible Ansi...() functions. For example UTF8UpperCase() -> AnsiUpperCase().

Now Unicode works in non-GUI programs, too. It only requires a dependency for LazUtils and placing LazUTF8 unit into the uses section of main program file.

For historical reference, this was the old Unicode support in LCL: Old LCL Unicode Support

Technical implementation

What actually happens in the Unicode system? These 2 FPC functions are called in an early initialization section, setting the default String encoding in FPC to UTF-8 :

 SetMultiByteConversionCodePage(CP_UTF8);
 SetMultiByteRTLFileSystemCodePage(CP_UTF8);

Under Windows the UTF8...() functions in LazUTF8 (LazUtils) are set as backends for RTL's Ansi...() string functions. Thus those functions work in a Delphi compatible way.

Open issues

TFormatSettings char (bug 27086): for example: ThousandSeparator, DecimalSeparator, DateSeparator, TimeSeparator, ListSeparator. These should be replaced with string to support UTF-8. For example under Linux with LC_NUMERIC=ru_RU.utf8 the thousand separator is the two byte nbsp/160.
- Workaround: use single space characters instead as done in patch here: 27099

WinAPI function calls in FPC libs

Unit registry, TRegistry - this unit uses Windows Ansi functions and therefore you need to use UTF8ToWinCP, WinCPToUTF8. Formerly it needed UTF8ToSys.
All Windows API Ansi function calls in FPC's libraries must be replaced with the "W" function version. This must be done in any case for the future UTF-16 support, thus there is no conflict of interest here.
TProcess - under Windows TProcess FPC 3.0 only supports system codepage. Use either TProcessUTF8 of unit utf8process or use FPC trunk where it is fixed, see issue 29136

ToDo: List all related FPC bug tracker issues and patches that should be applied.

Future

The goal of FPC project is to create a Delphi compatible UnicodeString (UTF-16) based solution, but it is not ready yet. It may take some time to be ready.

This UTF-8 solution of LCL in its current form can be considered temporary. In the future, when FPC supports UnicodeString fully in RTL and FCL, Lazarus project will provide a solution for LCL that uses it. At the same time the goal is to preserve UTF-8 support although it may require changes to string types or something. Nobody know the details yet. We will tell when we know...

In essence LCL will probably have 2 versions, one for UTF-8 and one for UTF-16.

FAQ

What about Mode DelphiUnicode?

The {$mode delphiunicode} was added in FPC 2.7.1 and is like {$Mode Delphi} with {$ModeSwitch UnicodeStrings}. See the next question about ModeSwitch UnicodeStrings.

What about ModeSwitch UnicodeStrings?

The {$ModeSwitch UnicodeStrings} was added in FPC 2.7.1 and defines "String" as "UnicodeString" (UTF-16), "Char" as "WideChar", "PChar" as "PWideChar" and so forth. This affects only the current unit. Other units including those used by this unit have their own "String" definition. Many RTL strings and types (e.g. TStringList) uses 8-bit strings, which require conversions from/to UnicodeString, which are added automatically by the compiler. The LCL uses UTF-8 strings. It is recommended to use UTF-8 sources with or without "-FcUTF8".

Why not use UTF8String in Lazarus?

Short answer: Because the FCL does not use it.

Long answer: UTF8String is defined in the system unit as

UTF8String = type AnsiString(CP_UTF8);

The compiler always assumes it has UTF-8 encoding (CP_UTF8), which is a multi byte encoding (i.e. 1-4 bytes per codepoint). Note that the [] operator accesses bytes, not characters nor codepoints. Same for UnicodeString, but words instead of bytes. On the other hand a String is assumed at compile time to have DefaultSystemCodePage (CP_ACP). DefaultSystemCodePage is defined at run time, so the compiler conservatively assumes that String and UTF8String have different encodings. When you assign or combine String and UTF8String the compiler inserts conversion code. Same for ShortString and UTF8String.

Lazarus uses the FCL, which uses String, so using UTF8String would add conversions. If DefaultSystemCodePage is not UTF-8 you lose characters. If it is UTF-8 then there is no point to use UTF8String.

UTF8String becomes useful when eventually there is an UTF-16 FCL.

Why does UTF8String show strange characters and String works

For example:

var s: UTF8String = 'ä';  // with default flags (i.e. no -Fc) this creates garbage
               // even on a UTF-8 Linux system

Question: Is it a bug? Answer: No, because it works as documented.

FPC ignores the LANG variable to create on every system the same result. For historical reasons/Delphi compatibility it uses ISO-8859-1 as default. Lazarus prefers UTF-8.

UTF-8 sources work with String, because
1. FPC does not add conversion code for normal String literals by default.
2. The source codepage is equal to the runtime codepage. On Windows LazUTF8 sets it to CP_UTF8.
UTF8String requires UTF-8 sources. Since FPC 3.0 for UTF8String you must tell the compiler, that the source is UTF8 (-FcUTF8, {$codepage UTF8}, or save file as UTF-8 with BOM).
- Note: If you tell the compiler the source encoding UTF-8 it changes all non ASCII string literals of this unit to UTF-16, increasing the size of the binary, adding some overhead and PChar on literals require an explicit conversion. That's why Lazarus does not add it by default.

What happens when I use $codepage utf8?

FPC has very limited UTF-8 support. In fact, FPC only supports storing literals as either "default" encoded 8-bit strings or widestrings. So any non default codepage is converted to widestring, even if it is the system codepage. For example most Linux/Mac/BSD use UTF-8 as system codepage. Passing -Fcutf8 to the compiler will store the string literal as widestring.

At run time the widestring literal is converted. When you assign the literal to an AnsiString the widestring literal is converted using the widestringmanager to the system encoding. The default widestringmanager under Unix simply converts the widechars to chars, destroying any non ASCII character. You must use a widestringmanager like the unit cwstring to get correct conversion. Unit LazUTF8 does that.

Unicode Support in Lazarus/ja

Contents

導入

RTL とデフォルトのコードページ UTF-8

使い方

UTF-8 を非 LCL プログラムで使うには

Windows APIを呼ぶ

Code that depends very much on Windows codepage

Writing to console

Unicode characters and codepoints in code

CodePoint functions for encoding agnostic code

文字列リテラル

Assign string literals to different string types

Without {$codepage utf8} or compilerswitch -FcUTF8

With {$codepage utf8} or compilerswitch -FcUTF8

Coming from older Lazarus + LCL versions

Technical implementation

Open issues

WinAPI function calls in FPC libs

Future

FAQ

What about Mode DelphiUnicode?

What about ModeSwitch UnicodeStrings?

Why not use UTF8String in Lazarus?

Why does UTF8String show strange characters and String works

What happens when I use $codepage utf8?

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Unicode Support in Lazarus/ja

導入

RTL と デフォルトのコードページ UTF-8

使い方

UTF-8 を非 LCL プログラムで使うには

Windows APIを呼ぶ

Code that depends very much on Windows codepage

Writing to console

Unicode characters and codepoints in code

CodePoint functions for encoding agnostic code

文字列リテラル

Assign string literals to different string types

Without {$codepage utf8} or compilerswitch -FcUTF8

With {$codepage utf8} or compilerswitch -FcUTF8

Coming from older Lazarus + LCL versions

Technical implementation

Open issues

WinAPI function calls in FPC libs

Future

FAQ

What about Mode DelphiUnicode?

What about ModeSwitch UnicodeStrings?

Why not use UTF8String in Lazarus?

Why does UTF8String show strange characters and String works

What happens when I use $codepage utf8?

関連情報

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RTL とデフォルトのコードページ UTF-8