FPC git

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Git setup

The Git repository is hosted on Gitlab:

https://gitlab.com/freepascal.org/testconversion

The URL to clone the repository is:

https://gitlab.com/freepascal.org/testconversion.git

In order for your commits to be recognized, please configure your local (or better yet, global) git installation to use the address linked to your gitlab acccount.

git config --global user.email your.email.user@youremail.host

This will allow the gitlab interface to correctly link commits to users in its HTML.

if you have multiple gitlab accounts, you may prefer to set this email only locally:

git config --local user.email your.email.user@youremail.host

Windows Git clients

On macOS, Linux & BSD, the git command is installed with the system package manager (you must install XCode command line tools on macOS). On Windows, a separate git client must be installed. There are many available, but the following are popular ones:

  • Git for windows: a command-line client with a bash shell, so you can copy & paste commands you find on internet:
https://gitforwindows.org/
  • TortoiseGit integrates with the Windows explorer, much like TortoiseSVN does:
https://tortoisegit.org/
  • Sourcetree is a free client for Windows and macOS:
https://www.sourcetreeapp.com/
It is made by the people from bitbucket.
  • Smartgit runs on Windows, Linux and macOS:
https://www.syntevo.com/smartgit/
  • The VSCode and Atom editors have git support built in.

Common SVN operations in Git

Check out

To check out a new copy of a repository is called 'cloning' in git.

git clone https://gitlab.com/freepascal.org/testconversion

As in subversion, you can give it another name:

git clone https://gitlab.com/freepascal.org/testconversion myconversion

This operation can take a while, the FPC source base is large.

Update

To update your source code with the changes in the remote repository, is called 'pulling' in git:

git pull

Note that in difference with subversion, git always updates the whole repository.

revert

If you have made some changes locally and wish to undo them, you can do a 'reset' in git:

git reset --hard

This will undo any changes you made. The above assumes you didn't do any git add.

commit

If you have made some changes locally and wish to commit them, this is a 2-step process:

git add myfile.pas

This schedules the file to be committed (called staging in git). You can add as many files as you want like this.

When you are ready to commit what you have staged, you can commit:

git commit -m '* Some nice comment telling what you did'

In fact, if you're in a hurry and know you want to commit a file, you can combine the 2 commands;

git commit -m '* Some nice comment telling what you did' myfile.pas

If you are really in a hurry, you can commit all changed files in one fell swoop:

git commit -m '* Some nice comment telling what you did' -a

But it is not really recommended to use this, as it will push all changes in your local copy, not just the ones in the current working directory.

At this point, your changes have been saved locally, but have not yet been sent to the remote repository. To do that, you must additionally send the changes to the remote repository. This is called pushing:

git push

ls (listing branches)

to get a list of branches in Subversion, you use the 'ls' command with a server URL. in git this works simpler.

The list of local branches is obtained using:

git branch 

The list of remote branches is obtained using:

git branch -r

The name of the origin is prepended to the actual branch name. Note that similarly named branches on different origins can have different commits.

copy (creating a branch)

To create a branch from the current working directory situation, you can create a branch like this:

git branch mybugfix

this will create a branch mybugfix from the current branch at the current commit. But it does not yet make this the active branch.

You need to check out the newly made branch first:

git checkout mybugfix

Again, the two operations can be performed in 1 command:

git checkout -b mybugfix

switch (checking out a branch)

To switch to an existing local branch `mybugfix`, you can use the checkout command:

git checkout mybugfix

this will check out branch mybugfix. If there are any uncommitted changes which would cause a conflict, git will refuse the checkout.

To switch to a remote branch `mybugfix2`, which does not exist yet locally, you can also use the checkout command:

git checkout mybugfix2

this will check out branch mybugfix2 and automatically set it up to track the remote branch. Here again, if there are any uncommitted changes which would cause a conflict, git will refuse the checkout.

Note that if the branch does not exist remotely, this will simply create a new branch locally. It is better to be explicit:

git checkout -b mybugfix2 --track origin/mybugfix2

If you created a branch locally which does not yet exist on the server, made some modifications, and you wish to push this branch to the server, you must tell this to git when pushing:

git push -u origin/mybugfix mybugfix

the -u origin/mybugfix tells git all it needs to know to connect the local with the remote branch.

merge (merging the changes in 2 branches)

To merge changes in 2 branches, you use the merge command. If we want to merge the changes in mybugfix to fixes then we do:

git checkout fixes
git merge mybugfix

blame (check who made modifications)

To see who changes what line (and in what commit) svn offers you the 'blame' command. The same command exists in git.

git blame yourfile.pas

status (check status of files)

To see whether there are any changed files in your working repository, svn offers the 'status' command. The same command exists in git.

git status 

will present you with all changed, staged and new files in the repository.

If you want only the status of files below a certain directory, you can specify the name of the directory. So to get the changes in the current working directory (or below) that would be:

git status .

will present you with all changed, staged and new files in the current directory. This is the default behaviour of svn.

shelve (temporarily undo changes)

Subversion has an (experimental) feature that allows to temporarily set aside changes to your working copy : shelve. This feature exists since a long time in git and is called stash:

git stash 

will set aside any changes to the working copy, and restore the working copy to the state it would be in if you did a 'git pull' (or svn update).

To re-apply the changed you set aside, you can execute the following command:

git stash pop

info (get working dir and server info)

In subversion, you can get information about the current working directory and remote server configuration using svn info. Since git is a distributed system, no direct equivalent of the info command exists: there is no single server, and the revision number as known in subversion does not exist.

The following script attempts to display similar information as the svn info command:

#!/bin/bash

# author: Duane Johnson
# email: duane.johnson@gmail.com
# date: 2008 Jun 12
# license: MIT
# 
# Based on discussion at http://kerneltrap.org/mailarchive/git/2007/11/12/406496

pushd . >/dev/null

# Find base of git directory
while [ ! -d .git ] && [ ! `pwd` = "/" ]; do cd ..; done

# Show various information about this git directory
if [ -d .git ]; then
  echo "== Remote URL: `git remote -v`"

  echo "== Remote Branches: "
  git branch -r
  echo

  echo "== Local Branches:"
  git branch
  echo

  echo "== Configuration (.git/config)"
  cat .git/config
  echo

  echo "== Most Recent Commit"
  git --no-pager log  -n1
  echo

  echo "Type 'git log' for more commits, or 'git show' for full commit details."
else
  echo "Not a git repository."
fi

popd >/dev/null