Difference between revisions of "Fibonacci number"

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{{Fibonacci_number}}
+
{{Fibonacci number}}
 
 
= Fibonacci number =
 
  
 
The Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers:
 
The Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers:
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="pascal">
 +
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
The idea is to add the two last numbers in order to produce the next value.
  
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ...
+
== generation ==
 +
The following implementations show the ''principle'' of how to calculate Fibonacci numbers.
 +
They lack of input checks.
 +
Depending on your preferences you might either want to generate a [[runtime error|run-time error]] (e. g. by [[$rangeChecks|<syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>{$rangeChecks on}</syntaxhighlight>]] or utilizing {{Doc|package=RTL|unit=system=|identifier=runerror|text=<syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" inline>system.runError</syntaxhighlight>}}), [[Raise|raise]] an [[Exceptions|exception]], or simply return a bogus value indicating something went wrong.
  
The idea is to add the two last numbers, and thus get the next value.
+
=== recursive implementation ===
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" line start="3">
 +
type
 +
/// domain for Fibonacci function
 +
/// where result is within nativeUInt
 +
// You can not name it fibonacciDomain,
 +
// since the Fibonacci function itself
 +
// is defined for all whole numbers
 +
// but the result beyond F(n) exceeds high(nativeUInt).
 +
fibonacciLeftInverseRange =
 +
{$ifdef CPU64} 0..93 {$else} 0..47 {$endif};
  
== Recursive way ==
+
{**
 
+
implements Fibonacci sequence recursively
<syntaxhighlight>
+
 
+
\param n the index of the Fibonacci number to retrieve
function FibonacciNumber( n : integer ): integer;
+
\returns the Fibonacci value at n
 +
}
 +
function fibonacci(const n: fibonacciLeftInverseRange): nativeUInt;
 
begin
 
begin
  if n > 1 then result := ( FibonacciNumber( n - 1 ) + FibonacciNumber( n - 2 ) )
+
// optimization: then part gets executed most of the time
    else
+
if n > 1 then
      if n = 0 then result := 0
+
begin
        else result := 1;
+
fibonacci := fibonacci(n - 2) + fibonacci(n - 1);
end;  
+
end
 
+
else
 +
begin
 +
// since the domain is restricted to non-negative integers
 +
// we can bluntly assign the result to n
 +
fibonacci := n;
 +
end;
 +
end;
 
</syntaxhighlight>
 
</syntaxhighlight>
  
== Iterative way ==
+
=== iterative implementation ===
This one is preferable.
+
This one is preferable for its [[runtime|run-time]] behavior.
 
+
<syntaxhighlight lang="pascal" line start="13">
<syntaxhighlight>
+
{**
 
+
implements Fibonacci sequence iteratively
function Fibonacci(n: Integer): Integer;
+
 +
\param n the index of the Fibonacci number to calculate
 +
\returns the Fibonacci value at n
 +
}
 +
function fibonacci(const n: fibonacciLeftInverseRange): nativeUInt;
 +
type
 +
/// more meaningful identifiers than simple integers
 +
relativePosition = (previous, current, next);
 
var
 
var
  i,u,v,w: Integer;
+
/// temporary iterator variable
 +
i: longword;
 +
/// holds preceding fibonacci values
 +
f: array[relativePosition] of nativeUInt;
 
begin
 
begin
  if n <= 0 then
+
f[previous] := 0;
    exit(0);
+
f[current] := 1;
  if n = 1 then
+
    exit(1);
+
// note, in Pascal for-loop-limits are inclusive
  u := 0;
+
for i := 1 to n do
  v := 1;
+
begin
  for i := 2 to n do  
+
f[next] := f[previous] + f[current];
  begin
+
f[previous] := f[current];
    w := u + v;
+
f[current] := f[next];
    u := v;
+
end;
    v := w;
+
  end;
+
// assign to previous, bc f[current] = f[next] for next iteration
  Result := v;
+
fibonacci := f[previous];
End;  
+
end;
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
  
</syntaxhighlight>
+
== lookup ==
 +
While calculating the Fibonacci number every time it is needed requires almost no space, it takes a split second of time.
 +
[[Application]]s heavily relying on Fibonacci numbers definitely want to use a lookup table instead.
 +
And yet in general, do not calculate what is already a known fact.
 +
Since the Fibonacci sequence doesn’t change, actually calculating it is a textbook demonstration but not intended for production use.
  
== See also ==
+
Nevertheless an actual implementation is omitted here, since everyone wants to have it differently, a different flavor.
 
* [http://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/prog/progsu151.html  Some assembly routine which uses the C calling convention that calculates the nth Fibonacci number]
 
* [[Solution_3| Tao Yue Solution to Fibonacci Sequence Problem]]
 
  
[[Category:Mathematics]]
+
== see also ==
 +
* [https://oeis.org/A000045 Fibonacci numbers in the on-line encyclopedia of integer sequences]
 +
* [https://freepascal.org/docs-html/current/prog/progsu150.html Some assembly routine which uses the C calling convention that calculates the nth Fibonacci number]
 +
* [https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence#Pascal Fibonacci sequence § “Pascal” on RosettaCode.org]
 +
* [[gmp|GNU multiple precision arithmetic library]]’s functions [https://gmplib.org/manual/Fibonacci-Numbers-Algorithm.html#Fibonacci-Numbers-Algorithm <syntaxhighlight lang="c" inline>mpz_fib_ui</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="c" inline>mpz_fib2_ui</syntaxhighlight>]
 +
* [[Lucas number]], a similar series with different initial values
 +
* [[Solution 3|Tao Yue Solution to Fibonacci Sequence Problem]]

Latest revision as of 22:05, 23 October 2019

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The Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers:

 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 

The idea is to add the two last numbers in order to produce the next value.

generation

The following implementations show the principle of how to calculate Fibonacci numbers. They lack of input checks. Depending on your preferences you might either want to generate a run-time error (e. g. by {$rangeChecks on} or utilizing system.runError), raise an exception, or simply return a bogus value indicating something went wrong.

recursive implementation

 3type
 4	/// domain for Fibonacci function
 5	/// where result is within nativeUInt
 6	// You can not name it fibonacciDomain,
 7	// since the Fibonacci function itself
 8	// is defined for all whole numbers
 9	// but the result beyond F(n) exceeds high(nativeUInt).
10	fibonacciLeftInverseRange =
11		{$ifdef CPU64} 0..93 {$else} 0..47 {$endif};
12
13{**
14	implements Fibonacci sequence recursively
15	
16	\param n the index of the Fibonacci number to retrieve
17	\returns the Fibonacci value at n
18}
19function fibonacci(const n: fibonacciLeftInverseRange): nativeUInt;
20begin
21	// optimization: then part gets executed most of the time
22	if n > 1 then
23	begin
24		fibonacci := fibonacci(n - 2) + fibonacci(n - 1);
25	end
26	else
27	begin
28		// since the domain is restricted to non-negative integers
29		// we can bluntly assign the result to n
30		fibonacci := n;
31	end;
32end;

iterative implementation

This one is preferable for its run-time behavior.

13{**
14	implements Fibonacci sequence iteratively
15	
16	\param n the index of the Fibonacci number to calculate
17	\returns the Fibonacci value at n
18}
19function fibonacci(const n: fibonacciLeftInverseRange): nativeUInt;
20type
21	/// more meaningful identifiers than simple integers
22	relativePosition = (previous, current, next);
23var
24	/// temporary iterator variable
25	i: longword;
26	/// holds preceding fibonacci values
27	f: array[relativePosition] of nativeUInt;
28begin
29	f[previous] := 0;
30	f[current] := 1;
31	
32	// note, in Pascal for-loop-limits are inclusive
33	for i := 1 to n do
34	begin
35		f[next] := f[previous] + f[current];
36		f[previous] := f[current];
37		f[current] := f[next];
38	end;
39	
40	// assign to previous, bc f[current] = f[next] for next iteration
41	fibonacci := f[previous];
42end;

lookup

While calculating the Fibonacci number every time it is needed requires almost no space, it takes a split second of time. Applications heavily relying on Fibonacci numbers definitely want to use a lookup table instead. And yet in general, do not calculate what is already a known fact. Since the Fibonacci sequence doesn’t change, actually calculating it is a textbook demonstration but not intended for production use.

Nevertheless an actual implementation is omitted here, since everyone wants to have it differently, a different flavor.

see also