High DPI/ru

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Вступление

DPI (Dots Per Inch) - это соотношение между размером в пикселях и фактическим размером дисплея. Здесь точка является эквивалентом пикселя в терминологии печати. Приложения могут либо использовать размеры в пикселях, либо учитывать фактический размер дисплея. Во втором случае размеры указаны в пунктах.

Большинство современных операционных систем используют значение DPI по умолчанию, установленное в 96, и позволяют вручную изменить его на более высокое значение. Физический DPI можно определить по отображению через протокол EDID по данным физического размера и фактического разрешения. Но физический DPI не используется системой автоматически, поэтому, если вы подключите видеовыход к монитору с другим размером, то разрешение экрана и визуальный размер элементов управления не изменятся автоматически.

Обычно DPI представляется как одно значение, но оно может отличаться для горизонтальной и вертикальной осей, если пиксель не квадратный.

В дополнение к базовому пониманию DPI приложения вы можете добавить в приложение собственные параметры DPI, чтобы пользователи могли настраивать DPI для каждого приложения, чтобы избежать неправильной настройки DPI системы.

Свойства Lazarus, ссылающиеся на DPI

Graphics.ScreenInfo.PixelsPerInchX
Graphics.ScreenInfo.PixelsPerInchY
Forms.Screen.PixelsPerInch
Forms.TForm.DesignTimePPI (См.: Автоматическая настройка DPI)

Pixels and points

For example 300 DPI means that there are 300 pixels (or dots) per inch. There are 72 points per inch, so :

300 pixels ↔ 1 inch

300/72 pixels ↔ 1 point

4.16 pixels ↔ 1 point

Now with 96 DPI :

96 pixels ↔ 1 inch

1.33 pixel ↔ 1 point

Now with 144 DPI :

144 pixels ↔ 1 inch

2 pixels ↔ 1 point

Setting High DPI

Windows

On Windows 95 and later, it is possible to change the DPI ratio to make elements bigger. High DPI means any custom DPI setting with more than 96 DPI (the default setting) *.

High DPI awareness means that an application takes this DPI setting into account.

Windows Vista and Windows 7

In Windows 7 go to "Control Panel > Appearance and Personalization > Display" (or just Control Panel > Display in recent updates).

Select Smaller 100% (default), Medium 125% or Larger 150%. If you select 100% (96 DPI) this is the default Windows DPI setting, (High DPI is not the default).

If you select 125% (120 DPI) the option "Use Windows XP style DPI scaling" is enabled. Applications you run under this setting are scaled as if running under Windows XP.

If you select 150% (144 DPI) the option "Use Windows XP style DPI scaling" is disabled (DPI Virtualization is enabled), and applications you run under this setting must be High DPI Awareness to prevent system scaling which will produce a blurred image.

You can also set your custom DPI setting via the option "Set custom text size (DPI)" and enable/disable the DPI Virtualization.

Windows 8 Metro Applications

For Windows 8 Metro Applications read this http://blogs.msdn.com/b/b8/archive/2012/03/21/scaling-to-different-screens.aspx

Windows 10

Windows 10 "Control Panel > Appearance and Personalization > Display" have more options. You can have different font sizes for each element: Title bar, Menu, Dialog box and so on. Ensure you test twice in order to check if everything works under different sizes.

Now is based on Font Size, not DPI. The DPI option is not recommended, but still there. So, instead of changing the size of all elements in desktop, this will change just the font size (And of course everything else is changed to fit).

Remember that under Windows 10 there are Universal Applications (WinRT) and the classic desktop applications (Win32). We're talking here about desktop applications.

Linux

On Linux DPI setting is more complicated and depends on used software and their version.

You can discover your current monitor DPI by command:

xdpyinfo|grep dots

You can change DPI to new value by command:

xrandr --dpi 144x144

To preserve setting after reboot you need to add the command as script to /etc/X11/Xsession.d/77set_dpi.

More information:

Examples

Fixed Font Sizes (not HighDPI)

Here is a form with an undefined font size (set to zero, which is the default value). It has been designed at 96 DPI (100%), and it looks like this :

Now, at 120 DPI (125%), it becomes :

As you can see, the font gets bigger and so the text is clipped. The window title gets bigger, but the client area of the window remains the same size. Note that these changes in size can occur by using an application with a different Windows theme, or with another operating system.

To avoid this, you must set the font size to a non-zero value. Note that Font.Size is expressed in points and Font.Height is expressed in pixels. In fact, only the value of Font.Height is stored, and Font.Size changes according to current DPI value. So if we set the font size, it will be fixed to a certain size in pixels.

If we try again with a fixed font size of 9 points, then at 96 DPI (100%), we get this :

Now if the same program is run at 120 DPI (125%), it becomes :

The result is the almost the same. The title bar is bigger, but the client area and the font size is the same. Note that in fact, the size in points of the font has changed.

The conclusion from this is that it is possible to avoid inconsistency in the display by fixing font sizes. But we do not take into account that the graphical elements may be smaller according to actual DPI of the screen. With DPI awareness, it is possible to make an application behave as if it knew the real size of the pixels.

DPI Aware Application (For Vista +)

CPickSniff is an application to capture screen colors. We will use it as an example to see how High DPI works in Windows.

Default DPI

This is the app running at 96 DPI (100%). It's the default mode, when scaling isn't necessary.

Windows DPI Scaling

This is the same app running at 144 DPI (150%) without a manifest, so Windows scales it like a bitmap. The result is a blurred image.

With Manifest

Running at 144 DPI (150%). This time the app includes a manifest but the application contains no code to handle scaling. Items aren't scaled whereas fonts are scaled (Windows does this automatically), so text is clipped.

High DPI

Finally with both a manifest and a LCL scaling, the app is in High DPI.

High DPI in Lazarus 1.8 and above

To handle High DPI using new features in 1.8, follow these steps:

On Windows: enable DPI awareness in Project Options -> Application. Decide if you want to support per monitor DPI awareness or not.
Enable LCL scaling for your application DPI awareness in Project Options -> Application -> "Use LCL scaling (Hi-DPI).
Set TForm.Scaled=True for all your forms (it is the default value). All WYSIWYG should work automatically. Also the designer scales the forms accordingly.
If you create controls run-time, scale all coordinates, sizes etc that have to be DPI-aware with TControl.Scale96ToForm() or ScaleDesignToForm() (depending on your choice of default PPI) or prepare your container (e.g. panel with controls) as it was with 96 PPI and then call TControl.AutoAdjustLayout(lapAutoAdjustForDPI, 96, ParentFormOfTheContainer.PixelsPerInch, 0, 0);
If some of your components don't scale their inner sizes, override DoAutoAdjustLayout and scale the sizes (see TToolBar) - it has to be done for all controls. If a LCL control misses DoAutoAdjustLayout please report to mantis and provide a patch if you can.

Lazarus IDE high DPI

The Lazarus IDE is DPI-aware itself.

High DPI in older Lazarus

Is not as nice as 1.8 but it works, call on each form OnCreate event:

Self.AutoAdjustLayout(lapAutoAdjustForDPI, 96, Screen.PixelsPerInch, Self.Width, ScaleX(Self.Width, 96));

External Links

High DPI (Windows) MSDN article about High DPI
Guidelines for scaling Windows Dev Center - User experience guidelines for scaling Metro style apps
Windows Icon How to create icons that work with High DPI.