Or

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The reserved word or is a binary operator. Originally it stood for the logical disjunction of two boolean values only, but with the advent of operator overloading FPC allows everything else, too. FPC also defines the or operator taking two integer types acts on their internal binary representation.

boolean operation

The expression A or B represents the term [math]\displaystyle{ A \land B }[/math] as it is familiar from classical logic. In electrical engineering writing [math]\displaystyle{ A + B }[/math] is common, too, but in programming of the plus-sign is different. A and B are both boolean values. The expression evaluates to either true or false. It is only false if both operands are false:

truth table for logical disjunction

A	B	A or B
false	false	false
false	true	true
true	false	true
true	true	true

bitwise operation

Since virtually all instruction sets have an or instruction, it is no surprise some high-level languages, especially those which aim to be suitable for hardware programming, provide some comparable functionality by itself. In FPC the or operator defined appropriately. Such an expression, also known as bitwise or, requires two ordinal operands. The operation virtually performs a logical or taking each corresponding bit from both operands.

   0101'1010
or 0000'1011
――――――――――――
   0101'1011

setting a bit

A common task is to set a specific bit. To achieve this utilizing the or operator elicits a smart implementation:

type
	integerBitIndex = 0..bitSizeOf(integer)-1;

{$push}
{$rangeChecks on} // instead of an exception will generate an RTE
function maskOn(const x: integer; const i: integerBitIndex): integer;
begin
	maskOn := x or (%1 shl i);
end;
{$pop}

For example calling maskOn(%1000, 1) will result in %1010 (%1000 equals decimal eight, and %1010 is ten).

comparative remarks

Note: The concept of sets is an integral part of Pascal. Whilst in other programming languages considering operations on the bit level is not unusual, Pascal provides you with a notion that relieves you from the burden of thinking about bits. Take it under advisement whether your programming task can be modeled with sets even better.

see also

• § “boolean operators” in the “Free Pascal Reference Guide” regarding the logical disjunction
• § “logical operators” in the “Free Pascal Reference Guide” regarding the bitwise or
• and
• system.logicalor