Translations / i18n / localizations for programs

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This is about how a program can use different strings for various languages like English, Chinese, German, Finnish, Italian and any other language.

• i18n is short for internationalization (18 being the number of characters between i and n of the word internationalization)
• l10n is short for localization (10 being the number of characters between l and n of the word localization)

Quick i18n

This is intended as be a quick guide to introduce yourself in the world of translations and get things done quickly. Check also Language Codes and BidiMode.

For your information the most used languages in the world (source) are:

• 1 - Chinese: With more than 1.2 billion native speakers in the world
• 2 - Spanish: Spanish occupies the No. 2 spot and is spoken in approximately 30 countries.
• 3 - English: 335 million worldwide—about 5% of the world’s population. (This does not takes into account second language spoken).
• 4 - Hindi: Spoken by over 260 million people.
• 5 - Arabic: Spoken in almost 60 countries around the world.
• 6 - Portuguese: Population of Brazil is over 200 million. The population of Portugal is just over 10 million.
• 7 - Bengali: The main language of Bangladesh (population, 155 million) and one of India’s many official languages.
• 8 - Russian and Japanese.

poedit

The best known tool is a program called poedit. poedit is a tool for translators. It produces both PO and MO as output.

Translating Resourcestrings

This is the way to store a resourcestring in a unit:

resourcestring
  Caption1 = 'Some text';
  HelloWorld1 = 'Hello World';

Resourcestrings are like normal string constants, that means you can assign them to any string:

Label1.Caption := HelloWorld1;

Compiling into .po files

Resourcestrings are compiled into .po files if you enable i18n in the Lazarus IDE. Go to Project > Project Options > i18n > Enable i18n. When you recompile your application the .po files will be updated. You may also select a directory where .po files will be stored, recommended po_files.

The default translation is recommended to be in English or the default language of your application, since it will be loaded if no other translation file is found.

When you have your project1.po copy and paste it and rename it to project1.es.po or one of the Language Codes of your choice. Then you will have 2 languages: English and Spanish. Then you must send to the translator the files for translation.

Your folder structure will look something like this:

project1\po_files\
project1\po_files\project1.po
project1\po_files\project1.es.po

Converting .po files to .mo files

When you have the translation finished in the .po file, you want to compile it to .mo to load it faster since is a binary format. To convert to .mo you can use poedit and go to File > Compile as .mo.

Note that Everything else about translations has a section about where a Lazarus app looks for its language files.

Automatic translation

When you have the .mo files ready, put them in the locale or languages folder right to your application executable, then include the unit DefaultTranslator and that's all. The translation will be done automatically.

uses
  DefaultTranslator;

You want to distribute only the .mo files in the locale or languages directory, since .po files are usefull only for making the translation and compiling them into a .mo file.

Your folder structure will look something like this:

project1\project1.exe
project1\locale\
project1\locale\project1.mo
project1\locale\project1.es.mo

Testing translations

When you have everything ready. you want to test if the translations looks fine in your application for each language you have. Automatic translation has a feature that you can use in order to test each language quickly.

You must run your executable with the command line parameter --lang followed by the language code of your choice.

You will run your executable like this in order to test Spanish translation:

project1.exe --lang es

And you will see the translated application.

You can do this with the IDE. Go to Run > Run Parameters .... In that window in the input Command line parameters (without application name) write this:

--lang it

Then Run (F9) and you will see the translated application.

Final steps

These steps are to get a better result for your entire translation.

Translate LCL

To get everything translated you must include the LCL translations into your application locale folder.

Copy everything inside the folder C:\lazarus\lcl\languages to your locale folder. Then you will have the LCL translated for your application.

Format Settings

For Windows you must read Step-by-step instructions for creating multi-language applications#Format settings to get format settings in the right place.

Under Linux, BSD and macOS there are several locales defining things like time and date format or the thousands separator. In order to initialize the RTL you need to include the clocale unit in the uses section of your program (.lpr file).

BiDiMode

BidiMode is for languages like Arabic that read and write right to left. See also Script direction and languages for a list of LTR (Left To Right) and RTL (Right To Left) languages and most used languages in general.

With this unit you can determine what BiDiMode is right for you. This code is tested in Lazarus Trunk and may or not work in current release (see the changes on this page to get the old source).

First save this unit as ubidimodetools.pas:

unit ubidimodetools;

{$mode objfpc}{$H+}

interface

uses
  Classes, SysUtils;

function GetLang: string;
function GetBiDiMode: TBiDiMode;

implementation

uses
  FileUtil, LCLProc, LazUTF8;

function GetLang: string;
var
  T: string; // unused FallBackLang
  i: integer;
begin
  Result := '';
  { We use the same method that is used in LCLTranslator unit }

  for i := 1 to Paramcount - 1 do
    if (ParamStrUTF8(i) = '--LANG') or (ParamStrUTF8(i) = '-l') or
      (ParamStrUTF8(i) = '--lang') then
      Result := ParamStrUTF8(i + 1);

  //Win32 user may decide to override locale with LANG variable.
  if Result = '' then
    Result := GetEnvironmentVariableUTF8('LANG');

  if Result = '' then
    LazGetLanguageIDs(Result, {%H-}T);
end;

function GetBiDiMode: TBiDiMode;
begin
  case GetLang of
    // Arabic
    'ar': Result := bdRightToLeft;
    else
      Result := bdLeftToRight;
  end;
end;

end.

When you create a form do this:

BiDiMode := GetBiDiMode;

Note: You must be sure that you have the proper translations in order to get it working.

Note 2: Maybe this is not neccesary at all since Windows can change the BiDiMode automatically.

Technical Details

gettext

The main technology involved in the process of translations is GNU gettext. FPC comes with the gettext unit.

uses
  gettext;

PO

PO – Portable Object. This is the file that you receive back from the translators. It’s a text file that includes the original text and the translations.

MO

MO – Machine Object. The MO file includes the exact same contents as the PO file. The two files differ in their format. While a PO file is a text file and is easy for humans to read, MO files are compiled and are easy for computers to read. The unit gettext implements TMOFile and has several procedures to do the translation from .mo files, if you want to use it.

unit gettext;

...

TMOFile = class

...

  procedure GetLanguageIDs(var Lang, FallbackLang: string);
  procedure TranslateResourceStrings(AFile: TMOFile);
  procedure TranslateUnitResourceStrings(const AUnitName:string; AFile: TMOFile);
  procedure TranslateResourceStrings(const AFilename: String);
  procedure TranslateUnitResourceStrings(const AUnitName:string; const AFilename: String);

Everything else about translations

Here is all the translation material that was here in the past. There are a lot of articles about translations that can cause trouble to novices. To keep it simple this other material has been moved to: Everything else about translations. Please keep this article as clean as possible.

See also

• IDE Development: Translations, i18n, lrt, po files
• Getting translation strings right
• Translating/Internationalization/Localization
• Step-by-step instructions for creating multi-language applications